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Amino Acid Charge

Amino Acid L_Amino Acid D_Amino Acid N_Terminal Amino Acid Modifications C_Terminal Amino Acid Modifications Charge Hydrophobicity Molecular Weight
Acetyl      yes    0  0.31  43.05 
Alanine  L-Alanine (A)  D-Alanine (a)      0  0.31  71.08 
Amide        yes  0  -0.6  16.02 
Arginine  L-Arginine (R)  D-Arginine (r)      1  -1.01  156.19 
Asparagine  L-Asparagine (N)  D-Asparagine (n)      0  -0.6  114.1 
Aspartic Acid  L-Aspartic Acid (D)  D-Aspartic Acid (d)      -1  -0.77  115.09 
Biocytin amide        yes  0  1.85  370.5 
Biotin      yes    0  2  227.31 
Cysteine  L-Cysteine (C)  D-Cysteine (c)      0  1.54  103.14 
Free acid        yes  -1  -0.77  17.01 
Free amine      yes    1  -0.99  1.01 
Glutamic Acid  L-Glutamic Acid (E)  D-Glutamic Acid (e)      -1  -0.64  129.12 
Glutamine  L-Glutamine (Q)  D-Glutamine (q)      0  -0.22  128.13 
Glycine  Glycine (G)        0  0  57.05 
Histidine  L-Histidine (H)  D-Histidine (h)      1  0.13  137.14 
Isoleucine  L-Isoleucine (I)  D-Isoleucine (i)      0  1.8  113.16 
Leucine  L-Leucine (L)  D-Leucine (l)      0  1.7  113.16 
Long Chain Biotin      yes    0  1.85  340.47 
Lysine  L-Lysine (K)  D-Lysine (k)      1  -0.99  128.17 
Methionine  L-Methionine (M)  D-Methionine (m)      0  1.23  131.2 
Phenylalanine  L-Phenylalanine (F)  D-Phenylalanine (f)      0  1.79  147.18 
Proline  L-Proline (P)  D-Proline (p)      0  0.72  97.12 
Serine  L-Serine (S)  D-Serine (s)      0  -0.04  87.08 
Threonine  L-Threonine (T)  D-Threonine (t)      0  0.26  101.11 
Tryptophan  L-Tryptophan (W)  D-Tryptophan (w)      0  2.25  186.21 
Tyrosine  L-Tyrosine (Y)  D-Tyrosine (y)      0  0.96  163.18 
Valine  L-Valine (V)  D-Valine (v)      0  1.22  99.13 

Amino Acid Abreviations

Amino Acid Three Letter One Letter MW
Alanine  Ala  A  89 
Arginine  Arg  R  174 
Asparagine  Asn  N  132 
Asparagine/aspartic acid  Asx  B  — 
Aspartic acid  Asp  D  133 
Cysteine  Cys  C  121 
Glutamic Acid  Glu  E  147 
Glutamine  Gln  Q  146 
Glutamine/glutamic acid  Glx  Z  — 
Glycine  Gly  G  75 
Histidine  His  H  155 
Isoleucine  Ile  I  131 
Leucine  Leu  L  131 
Lysine  Lys  K  146 
Methionine  Met  M  149 
Phenylalanine  Phe  F  165 
Proline  Pro  P  115 
Serine  Ser  S  105 
Threonine  Thr  T  119 
Tryptophan  Trp  W  204 
Tyrosine  Tyr  Y  181 
Valine  Val  V  117 

Codon Usage Table*

U
U
 C A
 G

UUU Phe
 UCU Ser
 UAU Tyr
 UGU Cys
U

UUC Phe
 UCC Ser
 UAC Tyr
 UGC Cys
C

UUA Leu
 UCA Ser
 UAA Stop (och)
 UGA Stop (opal)
A

UUG Leu
 UCG Ser
 UAG Stop (amb)
 UGG Trp
G
C
CUU Leu
 CCU Pro
 CAU His
 CGU Arg
U

CUC Leu
 CCC Pro
 CAC His
 CGC Arg
C

CUA Leu
 CCA Pro
 CAA Gln
 CGA Arg
A

CUG Leu
 CCG Pro
 CAG Gln
 CGG Arg
G
A
AUU Ile
 ACU Thr
 AAU Asn
 AGU Ser
U

AUC Ile
 ACC Thr
 AAC Asn
 AGC Ser
C

AUA Ile
 ACA Thr
 AAA Lys
 AGA Arg
A

AUG Met
 ACG Thr
 AAG Lys
 AGG Arg
G
G
GUU Val
 GCU Ala
 GAU Asp
 GGU Gly
U

GUC Val
 GCC Ala
 GAC Asp
 GGC Gly
C

GUA Val
 GCA Ala
 GAA Glu
 GGA Gly
A

GUG Val (Met)
 GCG Ala
 GAG Glu
 GGG Gly
G

* Bases are given as ribonucleotides. GUG usually codes for valine, but it can code for methionine to initiate an mRNA chain. Stop (och) refers to the ochre termination triplet and Stop (amb) refers to the amber.

Common Conversion Formulas for Nucleic Acids and Proteins

Weight Conversions
1 μg=10-6 g
1 ng=10-9 g
1 pg=10-12 g
1 fg=10-15 g

Spectrophotometric Conversions
1 A260 unit of double-stranded DNA = 50 μg/ml
1 A260 unit of single-stranded DNA = 33 μg/ml
1 A260 unit of single-stranded RNA = 40 μg/ml

DNA Molar Conversions
1 μg of 1,000 bp DNA = 1.52 pmole (3.03 pmoles of ends)
1 pmole of 1,000 bp DNA = 0.66 μg

Protein Molar Conversions
100 pmoles of 100,000 dalton protein = 10 μg
100 pmoles of 50,000 dalton protein = 5 μg
100 pmoles of 10,000 dalton protein = 1 μg

Protein/DNA Conversions
1 kb of DNA = 333 amino acids of coding capacity
= 3.7 x 104 dalton protein
10,000 dalton protein = 270 bp DNA
50,000 dalton protein = 1.35 kb DNA
100,000 dalton protein = 2.7 kb DNA

Formulas
Picomole Ends per Microgram of Double-Stranded Linear DNA
(2 x 106)/(660 x Number of Bases) = pmole ends/μg
Exact Molecular Weight of an Oligonucleotide
[(A x 312.2) + (G x 328.2) + (C x 288.2) + (T x 303.2) - 61.0]
= MW (g/mol) of specific oligonucleotide

Protein Molar Conversions
Micrograms Protein  =   Protein Size (kDa) x pmole protein x
109 μg   X       mole
         g              1012 pmol

Half-Life of Common Radioisotopes
Radioisotope                                                              Half-Life
Carbon-14 (14C)                                                        5,730 years
Iodine-125 (125I)                                                        60 days
Phosphorus-32 (32P)                                                14.3 days
Sulfur-35 (35S)                                                           87.4 days
Tritium (3H)                                                                 12.4 years
LT111
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